Boundaries and Divisions of the Pharynx § The pharynx is a muscular tube, which serves as an upward extension of the digestive tube. § It also has regions in common with the respiratory systems. § It is generally divided into three parts: (1) nasopharynx, behind the nasal cavity § The nasopharynx extends from the pharyngeal [...]
HEAD: PAROTID, TEMPORAL, INFRATEMPORAL Temporal Fossa § The temporal fossa is a depression in the lateral skull. § It is bordered by the superior temporal line, which is the site of attachment for the fascia investing the temporalis muscle. § The area bounded by the inferior temporal line is the site of attachment of the [...]
Objectives § Describe the boundaries of the oral cavity and oropharynx, and their relationships to the soft and hard palate. § Describe the muscular organization of the tongue in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. § Describe the relations of the hyoglossus muscle. § Describe the sensory and motor innervation to the tongue and structures [...]
Neck: Introduction Boundaries of the Neck Fascial Compartments of the Neck Subdivisions of the Posterior Triangle Nerve Supply Arterial Supply Venous Drainage Boundaries of the Neck § The superior boundary of the neck is demarcated by the superior nuchal line of the cranium and the lower margin of the mandible. § The inferior boundary of [...]
NASAL CAVITY OBJECTIVES § Describe the main regions and features of the nasal cavity, including the various points of draining from the nasolacrimal duct and the nasal sinuses. § Describe the development and organization of the paranasal sinuses, and the significance of the maxillary sinus. § Describe the relationship of the tonsillar tissue of the [...]
LYMPHATICS OBJECTIVES § Describe the major structures of the lymphatic system and the roles that it plays in disease fighting and the distribution of metabolic products. § Describe the anatomical relationship to the venous system, and the physiological relationship to the portions of the nervous system mediating the stress response. § Describe the major nodal [...]
The skeleton of the larynx § The skeleton of the larynx consists of various cartilages plus the hyoid bone. § There are three unpaired cartilages: (1) epiglottic, (2) thyroid (‘shield’) (3) cricoid. § Major paired cartilages are: (1) arytenoid (2) corniculate. § Pair of cuneiform cartilages within the aryepiglottic folds. The cartilages function as points [...]
THORAX ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM AND HEART (MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM) Mediastinum Superior Inferior : anterior, middle, posterior Anterior Mediastinum Posterior to sternum and anterior to pericardium Contains fat, sternopericardial ligaments, thymus Middle Mediastinum Space bounded by pleura containing pericardium, heart, & phrenic nerve Phrenic nerve [N.182] From anterior rami of C4 (C3, C5) Contains postganglioinc symp. axons Provides [...]
FACE I. Cutaneous Innervation: Trigeminal Nerve (C V) – Main sensory nerve of face A. Ophthalmic N. (CN V1)- Superior Subdivision / Sensory 1. Frontal n. a. Supratrochlear n. b. Supraorbital n. B. Maxillary N. ( CN V2)- Intermediate Subdivision / Sensory 1. Infraorbital n a. External nasal n. b. Superior labial n. c. Superior [...]
ORBIT The Bony orbit § The Orbit is shaped like a cone, with the apex pointing posteromedially. § The medial walls of the orbits (M) are parallel § lateral walls (L) are perpendicular to one another–important in understanding action of extra-ocular muscles. Surface Anatomy § picture The Eyelids: Layers § Skin Thin and delicate § [...]
The Bright Light Effect – Pupillary Reflex: Sensing the light retinal ganglion optic nerve optic canal optic chiasm optic tract lateral geniculate ganglia and midbrain Constricting the pupil somatic complex of Oculomotor nerve sends parasympathetic fiber toward left AND right eye superior orbital fissure ciliary ganglion short ciliary nerves of V1 sphincter muscle of pupil [...]
Parts of the Ear § The external ear consists of the auricle and the external auditory canal, which leads to the tympanic membrane. § The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity connected to the nasopharynx through the auditory (Eustachian) tube. § The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth, which [...]
MUSCLES OF THE BACK Extrinsic Back Muscles (superficial and intermediate) Superficial m: [N.160] attach upper extremity to vertebral column Trapezius m. deep to surface: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) Superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery & vein Latissimus dorsi m. Levator scapulae m. Rhomboid major and minor m. Triangle of ascultation trapezius m., latissimus [...]
Behavioral Science Definitions Psychiatric Symptoms Disturbances of Consciousness - Disorientation – disturbance of orientation in time, place, or person - Clouding of consciousness – incomplete clear-mindedness w/disturbances in perception & attitudes - Stupor – pt’s akinetic, a state of unresponsiveness w/immobility & mutism - Delirium – clouded or low level of consciousness; memory difficulties, judgment [...]
COMMONLY USED MEDICATIONS AND DOSAGES Analgesics/Anti-inflammatory/Anti-pyretic agents Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 650 mg po q4-6h prn fever, pain (NB: not anti-inflammatory) Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) 200-800 mg po qid Antimicrobials Against Gram-positives: Ampicillin 1-2g IM/IV q4-6h or 250-500 mg po qid Amoxicillin clavulanate (Augmentin) 250-500 mg po tid (broad-spectrum – many Gram-negatives, too!) Erythromycin ethyl [...]
COMMONLY USED MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS ABG – arterial blood gas ADL – activities of daily living AMS – altered mental status A&Ox3 – alert & oriented to person, place, time ARF – acute renal failure ASA – aspirin B – bilaterally BAL – bronchoalveolar lavage BBB – bundle branch block bid – twice a [...]
Teratology-science dealing w/ causes, mechanisms, & manifestations of devo deviations, either structural, or functional this science involves recognizing the patterns of abnormalities and keeping track of pregnancy exposures Teratogen-acts on somatic cells of developing organism Mutagen-acts of the germ cells, altering genetic material-it’s the one that’s inherited… If you take out an [...]
I. Aneuploidy (chromosomal syndromes) A. Trisomy 21 = Down’s Syndrome i. Maternal age effect ii. 95% à trisomy of chromosome 21 (75% nondisjunction in 1st [...]
The first somites appear on day 20 in the region of the future base of the skull the 8th, 9th, and 10th somitomeres differentiate into the first, second, and third pairs of somites on day 20. The rest of the somites form in cranial/caudal progression at a rate of about three or [...]
Embryology of the Orbit Development – 4th week, hox genes, pax 6 Derived from 4 sources : Neuroectoderm of forebrain Surface ectoderm of the head Mesoderm b/t the above layers Neural crest / mesechyme cells Optic groves appear in the neural folds at the cranial end of the embryo. Then these optic grooves→ optic vesicles. The [...]
Neurons store and process info (can conduct action potential) Glial cells provide structural and metabolic support CNS -> Brain & Spinal Cord Brain -> Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Midbrain, Diencephalon, Cerebral Hemispheres CNS protected by skull and vertebral column and 3 meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater) CSF made in ventricles [...]
Fertilization and Implantation: Capacitation: a period of conditioning that occurs in the female reproductive tract, must happen in order for sperm to fertilize the ovum. Cortical Reaction: impermeability to other sperm Acrosome Rxn: fusion of the outer acrosomal mem. and sperm cell membrane Fertilization in ampulla of fallopian tube Day 3 = Morula enters the [...]
Formation of the Vasculature vascular system begins early it would be good for it to function early since the embryo is getting too large to depend only on diffusion for nutrients should see a primitive heart beat between 18-21 days–(this is before folding) The whole circulatory system is one way [...]
after folding, the digestion tube is divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut The respiratory diverticulum begins as an outgrowth of the foregut(this appears day 22) has splanchnopleuric covering lower respiratory forms from endoderm and splanchnopleuric mesoderm There’s a pharyngeal fold that forms out as a diverticulum two buds [...]
Male system-one part of the preserved urinary system Functionally, mesonephros functions for only a short period of time-contributes to amniotic fluid by minimal urine contribution Metanephric-provision of dilute urine to the amniotic fluid-this fluid is very important for proper development Pronephros/Pronephric Kidney starts developing by 21 days and already begins to degenerate by 28 [...]
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After folding, endoderm is still connected to yolk sac via yolk stalk.. yolk stalk = vitelline duct = omphalomesenteric duct Yolk stalk-marks the place known as MIDGUT NOTE: pharynx is the most rostral portion of foregut Foregut-supplied by the celiac artery Midgut-supplied by the superior mesenteric artery Hindgut-supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery We [...]
Introduction Outer ear transmits sound from the world to the middle ear Inner ear produces electrical impulses both for sound Important Concept: ear develops backwards: inner ear first, then middle, then outer ear Development of the inner ear starts with a patch of [...]
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Esophageal Anomalies Atresia – failure to recanalize lumen - associated w/ tracheoesophageal fistula - results in polyhydramnios due to inability to swallow (embryo) - * VACTERL Association - Type C most common: distal tracheoesophageal fistula and proximal atresia - Inability to pass feeding tube into stomach - Early surgical repair Stenosis – narrowing of lumen [...]
Initial events with the heart happen as early as the middle of the 3rd week. § The trilaminar disk in its flat form, there’s a region towards the cephalic end, the cardiogenic region that will develop into the region that will be the heart. § On Day 19, 2 very thin walled tubes develop one [...]
FORAMEN CECUM-pit of endoderm at the junction of the derivatives of the 1st and 2nd arch-this goes out into the mesenchyme to for, THYROID GLAND Cephalization-this action pushes everything forwards-helps explain recurrent laryngeal nerve In the case of the recurrent laryngeal, looks like it starts where 4th branchial arch is, then cephalization pushes it [...]
Aliases Solubility Working Form Functions Deficiency Toxicity Vit A Carotene, Retinol Fat cis-retinol, trans-retinol, retinoic acid, carotene Vision, transcription regulation, antioxidant Vision problems, oxidative damage Yes (retinol); No (carotene) Vit B1 Thiamine Water TPP Keto group metabolism Beri-Beri No Vit B2 Riboflavin Water FMN, FAD Electron transfer Rare No Vit B3 Niacin, Nicotinate [...]
Enzymes Subject to Phosphorylation Ca++ and cAMP are intracellular 2nd messengers that respond to hormones binding cell surface receptors When adenylate cyclase is stimulated, intracellular cAMP levels are elevated (made from ATP) All protein phosphorylation (by kinases) is ATP-dependent and dephosphorylation (by phosphatases) uses H2O and releases Pi ENZYME Substrate, [...]
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HYDROLASES: CLEAVES MOLECULES USING HYDROLYSIS Esterases: a hydrolase that hydrolyzes an ester into its components: an alcohol & an acid. Acetycholine esterase [nerve gas blocks] Phosphodiesterase 93,104, Cholesterol esterase 30 Lipases: a hydrolase that catalyzes the breakup of ester linkages between a fatty acid & glycerol, w/I triglycerides & phospholipids Serum [...]
Medical Student Study Notes, compiled by Dr. Daniel Williams. 1,275 pages of high yield notes about everything important in the first 2 years of basic sciences! Download the searchable PDF file immediately after purchase for the USMLE and medical school exams! This book is for the following types of people: Medical Students: quick guide and [...]
Transport Mechanisms Ca++ efflux from ventricular myocardial cells during diastole – secondary active (Na+ coupled) Ca++ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum – primary active Ca++ uptake by terminal varicosities of sympathetic nerve endings – restricted diffusion Ca++ entry into heart muscle during plateau phase of the action potential – restricted diffusion [...]
