Behavioral Timeline
BIRTH
A. APGAR score @ 1, 5, 10 mins (1-10 w/ 10 = best)
B. SOCIAL INTERACTION
a. Alertness:
1. regular sleep – > irregular sleep – > periodic sleep – > drowsiness – > alert inactivity – > waking inactivity – > crying
b. eye contact imp. as well as non-verbal communication for bonding
c. irritability/innate temperament is apparent
C. SENSORY SKILLS
a. visual: best focus @ 8-10 inches w/ visual = 20/150
b. auditory: quiet is best
c. tactile: 90°-110°, warm is best
d. vestibular: if spin baby – > head turns in direction of spin
e. taste: sweet is best
D. MOTOR SKILLS
a. neonatal reflexes= unlearned, automatic, & adaptive
1. most disappear @ 3-6 mo.
2. Babinsky, Galant, Moro, palmar grasp, placing, plantar grasp, rooting, sucking, walking, swimming, tonic neck
3. only pupillary persists for life!!
a. muscle tone
1. hypertonia – premature infants
2. hypotonia - Down’s syndrome
c. TERATOGENS
a. aspirin, normal anesthesia,caffeine, barbiturates, nicotine, alcohol, heroin/cocaine, HIV
d. ASSESSMENT
a. Brazelton (NBAS) till 9 months
e. COGNITIVE DEVO
a. visual perception & attention
1. likes complex patterns
2. facial recognition: 50% look at J or mom’s face
3. has color vision!!
4. attention span < 10 minutes
b. infantile amnesia: out of sight, out of mind!
c. Piaget: Sensori-motor stage begins (to 2 yrs)
i. schemas (nonverbal thoughts): simple ( i.e. sucking & grasping)
ii. assimilates info about objects acted on
iii. object concept/permanence
iv. intentional activities
v. imitation
f. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. kinesics = expression via body movements
b. prodosy = nonverbal communication, sounds
g. SOCIAL/ EMOTIONAL DEVO
a. FREUD: Oral stage begins (to 1 yr)
1. 1° erogenous zone = mouth: sucking, biting, & “incorporation”
2. Id dominates
3. 1° narcissism: omnipotence
4. optimism/pessimism
5. develop trust, dependence, & attachment
b. ERIKSON: Oral-sensory stage begins (to 1 yr)
i. oral gratification
ii. crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
iii. attitude: needs can be met by others; others may temporarily leave, but will return when needed
c. MAHLER: Normal Autistic Phase begins (to 1 mo.)
i. half sleep; half wake
h. CLINICAL ISSUES
a. Failure to thrive
b. Reactive Attachment Disorder
i. disturbed and inappropriate social relatedness
ii. inhibited – runs away
iii. disinhibited – jumps in lap
iv. asso. w/ grossly pathogenic care
v. warning signs: teen parents, parental history of abuse, parents w/ diminished cognitive ability/coping skills
i. DAY CARE ISSUES
a. good: stable staff, <3:1 child: caregiver ratio, stimulating environment
ONE MONTH
A. VISUAL PERCEPTION
a. Distance and trajectory: begins to distinguish (1-2 mo.)
B. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. MAHLER: Normal Symbiotic Phase begins (to 5 mo.)
1. infant & caregiver still fused
TWO MONTHS
A. VISUAL PERCEPTION
a. Facial recognition: more responsive to human face (2-4 mo.)
THREE MONTHS
A. Neonatal reflexes begin to disappear
B. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. Babbling begins (to 1 year)
FIVE MONTHS
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. MAHLER: Differentiation begins (to 10 mo.)
1. “hatching” from autistic shell; develops stranger anxiety
SIX MONTHS
A. LANGUAGE
a. Babbling: Lallation begins – repeat own words
SEVEN MONTHS
A. VISUAL PERCEPTION
a. Facial recognition: can read facial expressions
b. Depth perception: begins to distinguish (ball approaching baby test)
EIGHT MONTHS
A. VISUAL PERCEPTION
a. Facial recognition: can distinguish between family & strangers
NINE MONTHS
A. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. Babbling: Echolalia begins – repeat other’s words
B. ASSESSMENT
a. Denver Developmental Screening Test (quick)
b. Bayley Scales of Infant Development (most used)
TEN MONTHS
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. MAHLER: Practicing begins (to 16 mo.)
1. walks; begins separation anxiety
ELEVEN MONTHS
ONE YEAR
A. VISUAL PERCEPTION & ATTENTION
a. Attention span = ½ hour
B. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. Holophrasic period begins (to 18 mo.)
1. one-word
2. first words = nouns
3. overextension of words ( everything is a kitty)
4. poor articulation
C. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. FREUD: Anal stage begins (to 3 yrs)
1. 1° erogenous zone = anus
2. learns boundaries btw self & others – sense of autonomy
3. confronts social expectations – learns to deal in real world
4. control of retention/release & toilet training develops
b. ERIKSON: Muscular-Anal stage begins (to 2/3 yrs)
1. child learns to control physical behavior: walking, talking, anal sphincter control
2. crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame
3. devo greater psychological, physical, & physiological independence
SIXTEEN MONTHS
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. MAHLER: Rapprochement begins (to 2 yrs)
1. bridges gap btw self & caregiver
2. caregiver no longer able to soothe all troubles
EIGHTEEN MONTHS
A. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. Telegraphic speech period begins (to 2 yrs)
1. 2+ words
2. sounds like telegram
3. “pivot-open” grammar (i.e. want cookie)
4. Vocabulary: 100 words
TWO YEARS
A. COGNITIVE DEVO
a. PIAGET: Preoperational stage begins (to 7 yrs)
1. symbolic thought: makes mental representations, language, play
2. intuitive thought
3. egocentrism: 2 kids with parallel conversations
4. centration: can only center on one thing at a time (test with squares ” which has more squares”)
5. lack of reversibility: can’t mentally manipulate things
6. lack of conservation: can’t transfer info
7. rigidity of thought
8. semi-logical thinking
9. animism
B. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. Vocabulary: 200-300 words
C. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. MAHLER: Object Emotional Constancy begins (to 3yrs)
1. child internalizes caregiver’s image – > more comfortable w/ caregiver’s absence
THREE YEARS
A. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. Vocabulary: 900+ words
B. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. FREUD: Phallic stage begins (to 5 yrs)
1. 1° erogenous zone = genitals
2. Oedipus/Electra Complex: Oedipus – 1° love object is mother ( boy feels hostile & ambivalent to father) & resolution thru identification w/ same sex parent & devo of superego
3. basic structure of personality set
4. sex role identity occurs: boy – castration anxiety, girl – penis envy
b. ERIKSON: Locomotor – Genital stage begins (3/4 yrs to 5 yrs)
1. child moves away from dependency; meets own needs – takes initiative in forming & carrying out goals & competinq w/ peers in powerful way
2. crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
3. identifies w/ same sex parent as big, powerful, intrusive
FOUR YEARS
A. LANGUAGE DEVO
a. Vocabulary: 1500+ words
FIVE YEARS (SCHOOL AGED)
NOTE: I put things from the school aged lecture w/I 5-6-7 years, where they fit in best, but remember that during this time, the timeline becomes less clear-cut)
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. FREUD: Latency stage begins ( 5/6 yrs to 12/13 yrs)
1. placid, stable, tranquility in devo (psychosexual), superego
2. acquires social skills & education
3. further devo sex role norms & stereotyped behavior
4. same sex relations
5. progress from self-gratification – > social interaction & altruism
6. not self-reflective
7. play & activity oriented: curious, willing to learn, master new functions, try new roles- > sophisticated pretend play, secrecy, team sports, ritualistic games (hopscotch),hobbies, collections (pokemon)
b. ideas about death hazy, may think it is reversible
c. social/moral understanding: literal, rigid, moralistic, rule-bound, “all-or none”, “against the rules”
B. COGNITIVE DEVO
a. changes are uneven, lengthy, & not clear-cut
b. inconsistent: must learn about limits (let them test limits, but give feedback – > self-regulation)
c. child fears being overwhelmed: needs peer environment as safety base
c. use new skills better on familiar tasks
d. vocabulary develops
e. greater attention to tasks
SIX YEARS (SCHOOL AGED)
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. ERIKSON: Industry vs Inferiority (5/6 to puberty)
1. devo competence & mastery thru school & socially w/ friends
2. movement toward peer relationships – > organized into groups (exclude adults); i.e. “no girlz allowed”; group activities have rules; secret clubs formed
3. self concept based on relative standing in reference group – > is relatively concrete (teacher’s pet)
4. friendships based on preference, interests, age, gender: “best friend”
5. normative expectations important to self-esteem: powerful sanctions against deviance for boys
6. parents & teachers, media & books are influences
7. intellectual & physical growth
8. if does not succeed – > feels inferiority
SEVEN YEARS (SCHOOL AGED)
A. COGNITIVE DEVO
a. PIAGET: Concrete operations begin (to 11yrs)
1. schemas: concrete things & relationships ( not hypothetical)
2. conservation
3. reversibility
4. time
5. generalize knowledge from one situation to another
6. more logical, systematic, but still dependent on concrete reference points
7. numerical concepts: can do basic math
b. realize death is irreversible ( 7-8-9 yrs)
PRE-PUBERTY
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. time of awareness & anticipation
b. may become interested in adolescent peers (“what did he say”)
c. begin to discuss maturation & sexual orientation in peer groups – much misinformation!, “my parents would never do that”
d. initial opposite sex interest
PUBERTY
A. COGNITIVE DEVO
a. PIAGET: Formal operations begin (11 to 15yrs)
1. ability to abstract & think about the possible
2. formulate & test hypothesis
3. hypothetical thinking
B. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. FREUD: Genital stage (& up)
1. genital maturity attained
2. need to move away from parents
3. reawakening of sexual interest & devo love relationships
4. same sex focus shifts to other sex peers, socially acceptable, non-incestuous heterosexual relations
5. love: in-cooperative, possessive & expletive becomes altruistic sharing
b. ERIKSON: Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
1. devo pubescent body & sexual urges
2. move towards consistency btw self image & way viewed by others
3. integrate former identifications w/ others into own identity: education, occupation, sexual orientation, religious, political, social group
4. “trial identities” – things opposite parents
C. OTHER ISSUES
a. Early adolescence
1. puberty: increased erotic & aggressive impulses
2. parents devalued & desexualized
3. boredom vs. focused energy
4. move towards independence (yet sense of belonging is important): decreased parental influence (sense of loss), question previous morals, increase interest in peer group
5. body image – very concerned about appearance
6. impulsive behavior – “acting out”
b. Later adolescence
1. improved regulation – more stable, mature peer relationships
2. more use of logic & rational arguments
3. shift dependency & sexual needs to opposite sex peer
4. more philosophical
5. outbursts of impulsive behavior may continue
6. relationship w/ parents based on equality
c. psychosocial concerns: early parenthood, drug & alcohol abuse, sexual identity
b. psyciatric problems:
1. depressive disorders
2. suicide (contagion effect)
3. conduct disorders
4. eating disorders
ADULTHOOD IN GENERAL
A. PIONEERING THEORETICIANS
a. FREUD: 3 ESSAYS ON THE THEORY OF SEXUALITY
1. focus on childhood devo
b. JUNG (30′s): 1st to suggest that mind continues to evolve & change in adulthood
c. ERIKSON (60′s): 8 stages of life cycle
1. highlights normal conflicts (normative crises) needed for devo.
2. culture is important
d. VAN GENNEN: anthropologist
1. dynamic growth in adulthood & how cultures shape it
B. CONTEMPORARY THEORETICIANS
a. LEVINSON: THE SEASONS OF A MAN’S LIFE
1. 20 yr eras: pre-adult, early, middle, & late adult
2. “blueprint” for living in ea. Era
3. part of overall “life structure”
4. “transition periods” btw eras (5 yrs): ex. “midlife crisis”
b. VAILLANT (60′s): longitudinal study following individuals
1. life most fully & successfully lived when major obstacles of ea. stage are mastered – > progress to next stage
2. as mature – > reach higher order defense mechanisms
c. NEUGARTEN (60′s – 70′s): w/ maturation, there is a psychological increase in awareness of aging & gut feeling of death
1. “how much time left to live” helps organize middle adulthood – > devo sense of competence
2. as get older – > increase introspection & “interiority”
3. “life review” in late adulthood
d. COLARUSSO & NEMIROFF: devo. coherent sense of psychological growth in adulthood
1. analogous to Freud & childhood
C. SEVEN HYPOTHESES ABOUT DEVO IN ADULTHOOD
a. as in the child: continue to be shaped by interactions btw biological changes, inner psyche, & environment
b. ongoing & dynamic: adults aren’t finished products
c. continuing devo of existing psychic structures: old ones evolve NOT new ones devo
d. developmental issues of childhood continue: separation-individuation
e. influenced by both adult & child past
f. influended by body & physical change: observe ¯ in resilience, slowing down
g. normative crises expected: “midlife crisis”, etc. are inevitable, central, & potentially growth promoting. Road map. W/o these – > no devo. conflicts are stong devo stimuli.
YOUNG ADULT (20yrs – 40yrs)
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. ERIKSON: Intimacy vs. Isolation
1. must be well integrated to devo appropriately intimate relationships (also same-sex)
2. acknowledge inner feelings to self
3. Intimacy= self-abandonment, mutuality, intense friendship, sexuality
4. Isolation= self-absorption – > prejudice, persecution, paranoia
5. task: to love & work
B. TASKS (Shoulds & Wants)
a. pulling up roots & taking own place in adult world
1. self declaration & identity (3rd individuation)
2. devo intimacy: marital choices, marital adjustment, parenthood
3. rework relationship w/ parents: see them as “people”, removing them from pedestal
4. est. adult work identity: central task!!!!
5. initiate adult play: relaxation activities
MIDDLE ADULT ( 45yrs – 65yrs)
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. ERIKSON: Generativity vs. Stagnation
1. energy used to set stage for & guide next generation
2. may/may not be in form of parenthood
3. Generativity= raise kids, being altruistic, give back to community, pass on knowledge & skills
4. Stagnation= self-preoccupation, isolation, lack of intimacy
B. TASKS (Have to’s, but the Golden Age)
a. accepting one’s own mortality & responsibility to instill life w/ meaning
1. accepting aging body
2. accepting personal limitations: “time left to live” is powerful organizer; sense of urgency
3. maintaining intimacy (many forces work against this)
4. reappraising relationships: need to be more honest, put energy into those of value
5. reworking relationship w/ one’s children: let go
6. parenting one’s parents
7. exercising power & position: policy makers
8. giving play new meaning & purpose: joyous expression of physical & mental abilities
LATE ADULT
A. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
a. ERIKSON: Integrity vs. Despair
1. Devo acceptance of myriad of identity components, relationships, & productions devo during lifetime
B. TASKS
a. acceptance of one’s one & only life cycle
1. maintaining body image & physical integrity: channel “youthful vigor”
2. preparing for death: central task!!!!!
3. accepting the death of spouse & friends: maj. task is how to sustain oneself
4. conducting a life review: re-examination, recollection about past, find meaning over time, enhance sense of self
5. maintain sexual interests & activities: ¯ over time (cultural & religious factors influence), lack of sexual partners
6. developing Wisdom
7. recognizing the end of a formal work structure: retirement, displacement by younger, loss of organizational motivation
8. dealing w/ changing family structure: relationship to children & grandchildren, sense of continuity, life cycle, reversal of caretaking
Tags: APGAR score, Babinsky, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Brazelton assessment, cognitive development, Denver Developmental Screening Test, Echolalia, Failure to thrive, Galant, Holophrasic period, hypertonia, hypotonia, irritability, language development, Mahler, Moro, narcissism, palmar grasp, placing, plantar grasp, Reactive Attachment Disorder, rooting, sensory skills, social interaction, sucking, swimming, teratogens, tonic neck, walking
