I. Back I a. Sacralization of lumbar vertebrae- fusion of L5 w/ S1 b. Lumbarization of S1- separate S1 vertebrae c. Vulnerability of occipito-atlantoaxial joint- broken dens often drives back into spinal cord and paralysis/death d. Spina bifida- posterior arch of vert(s) missing; can be “silent” save tuft of hair over lumbar region (s.b.occulta) i. [...]
ARM, AXILLA & BRACHIAL PLEXUS I. Arm [N.402-3] Aka. brachium Extends from the gleno-humeral joint to the elbow (olecranon) Types of movement Flexion-extension Pronation-supination Contains:1 muscles 4 bones terminal branches of brachial plexus brachial artery and branches facial septum divides arm into two compartments See attached chart 1. Anterior Compartment (flexor) Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis [...]
I. Boundaries of the Thorax 1. Upper boundary- Thoracic inlet separates the thorax from the neck Formed by sternum, first rib, first thoracic vertebra 2. Lower boundary- Outlet Formed by diaphragm II. Subdivision of the Thoracic Cavity 1. Mediastinum Superior Inferior: anterior- little, middle- heart, posterior- 2. Pleural cavities III. Skin 1. Clinically Important mid-axillary [...]
I. Curvatures of the Vertebral Column [N.142] Early embryo, vertebral column is C-shaped A. Normal 1. Primary curvatures: Posterior convexities present at birth Immobile: attach. to skeletal components (rib cage and pelvis) Thoracic and Sacral 2. Secondary curvatures: Anterior convexities that develop after birth Flexible: lack of skeletal connections Cervical (child hold head erect) and [...]
Boundaries and Divisions of the Pharynx § The pharynx is a muscular tube, which serves as an upward extension of the digestive tube. § It also has regions in common with the respiratory systems. § It is generally divided into three parts: (1) nasopharynx, behind the nasal cavity § The nasopharynx extends from the pharyngeal [...]
HEAD: PAROTID, TEMPORAL, INFRATEMPORAL Temporal Fossa § The temporal fossa is a depression in the lateral skull. § It is bordered by the superior temporal line, which is the site of attachment for the fascia investing the temporalis muscle. § The area bounded by the inferior temporal line is the site of attachment of the [...]
Objectives § Describe the boundaries of the oral cavity and oropharynx, and their relationships to the soft and hard palate. § Describe the muscular organization of the tongue in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. § Describe the relations of the hyoglossus muscle. § Describe the sensory and motor innervation to the tongue and structures [...]
Neck: Introduction Boundaries of the Neck Fascial Compartments of the Neck Subdivisions of the Posterior Triangle Nerve Supply Arterial Supply Venous Drainage Boundaries of the Neck § The superior boundary of the neck is demarcated by the superior nuchal line of the cranium and the lower margin of the mandible. § The inferior boundary of [...]
NASAL CAVITY OBJECTIVES § Describe the main regions and features of the nasal cavity, including the various points of draining from the nasolacrimal duct and the nasal sinuses. § Describe the development and organization of the paranasal sinuses, and the significance of the maxillary sinus. § Describe the relationship of the tonsillar tissue of the [...]
LYMPHATICS OBJECTIVES § Describe the major structures of the lymphatic system and the roles that it plays in disease fighting and the distribution of metabolic products. § Describe the anatomical relationship to the venous system, and the physiological relationship to the portions of the nervous system mediating the stress response. § Describe the major nodal [...]
The skeleton of the larynx § The skeleton of the larynx consists of various cartilages plus the hyoid bone. § There are three unpaired cartilages: (1) epiglottic, (2) thyroid (‘shield’) (3) cricoid. § Major paired cartilages are: (1) arytenoid (2) corniculate. § Pair of cuneiform cartilages within the aryepiglottic folds. The cartilages function as points [...]
THORAX ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM AND HEART (MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM) Mediastinum Superior Inferior : anterior, middle, posterior Anterior Mediastinum Posterior to sternum and anterior to pericardium Contains fat, sternopericardial ligaments, thymus Middle Mediastinum Space bounded by pleura containing pericardium, heart, & phrenic nerve Phrenic nerve [N.182] From anterior rami of C4 (C3, C5) Contains postganglioinc symp. axons Provides [...]
FACE I. Cutaneous Innervation: Trigeminal Nerve (C V) – Main sensory nerve of face A. Ophthalmic N. (CN V1)- Superior Subdivision / Sensory 1. Frontal n. a. Supratrochlear n. b. Supraorbital n. B. Maxillary N. ( CN V2)- Intermediate Subdivision / Sensory 1. Infraorbital n a. External nasal n. b. Superior labial n. c. Superior [...]
ORBIT The Bony orbit § The Orbit is shaped like a cone, with the apex pointing posteromedially. § The medial walls of the orbits (M) are parallel § lateral walls (L) are perpendicular to one another–important in understanding action of extra-ocular muscles. Surface Anatomy § picture The Eyelids: Layers § Skin Thin and delicate § [...]
The Bright Light Effect – Pupillary Reflex: Sensing the light retinal ganglion optic nerve optic canal optic chiasm optic tract lateral geniculate ganglia and midbrain Constricting the pupil somatic complex of Oculomotor nerve sends parasympathetic fiber toward left AND right eye superior orbital fissure ciliary ganglion short ciliary nerves of V1 sphincter muscle of pupil [...]
Parts of the Ear § The external ear consists of the auricle and the external auditory canal, which leads to the tympanic membrane. § The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity connected to the nasopharynx through the auditory (Eustachian) tube. § The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth, which [...]
MUSCLES OF THE BACK Extrinsic Back Muscles (superficial and intermediate) Superficial m: [N.160] attach upper extremity to vertebral column Trapezius m. deep to surface: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) Superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery & vein Latissimus dorsi m. Levator scapulae m. Rhomboid major and minor m. Triangle of ascultation trapezius m., latissimus [...]
