I. Introduction
A. Upper conducting portion
§ Extrapulmonary nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, tracheas, bronchi, and intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
§ Function: provide conduit for air to travel to and from lungs
§ Function: to condition inspired air
§ Cartilage (hyaline) and collagen fibers, smooth muscle provide rigid structural support, flexibility, extgensiliblity to ensure an uninterrupted supply of air
§ [...]
Peripheral Blood
I. Composition
§ Blood is fluid connective tissue
§ 7% of body weight (5 liters)
Plasma
§ liquied which peripheral blood cells are suspened
§ composed of water, electrolytes, plasma proteins, hormones, fats, amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipoproteins
Formed Elements (blood cells)
§ erythrocytes (RBC)- 40-45% of total blood volume
§ leukocytes (WBC and platelets)- 1-2% of total blood volume
§ freshly [...]
I. General Definitions
A. CNS vs PNS
§ CNS- brain and spinal chord
§ PNS- outlying nervous tissue
B. Gray vs White Matter (CNS)
§ Brain- gray outside, white inside
§ Spinal chord- gray inside, white outside
§ White matter- axons, vessesl, glia, no neurons
§ Gray matter- neurons, glia, neuronal processes, vessesl
C. Location of Neuron Cell bodies
§ CNS- neuron cell [...]
I. Three human muscle types
A. Skeletal
§ Striated, usually voluntary contraction (diaphragm involuntary)
§ Larger fiber, peripheral nuclei
B. Cardiac
§ Striated, involuntary
§ Smaller fiber, central nuclei
C. Smooth
§ Non-striated, involuntary
§ Central nuclei
II. Skeletal muscle
A. Macrostructure
§ Muscle fiber- each fiber is an elongate, multi-nucleate cell from fusion of myoblast in embryo
§ Each fiber is surrounded by endomysium
§ Muscle fasicicle- [...]
§ Largest organ in human body
§ 15-20% total body weight
I. Functions
A. Sensation- receptor for pain, pressue, touch,temp
B. Conversion- precursor molec into Vit D
C. Regulation- of heat
D. Aborption- of certain lipid soluble therapeutic substances
E. Protection- against injury and prevention of water loss
F. Excretion- of waste products via sweat glands
II. Epidermis
§ Avascular layers of keratinocytic [...]
Part A
Lymphoid tissue- major component is lymphosytes
- includes thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
Lymphoid nodules- tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches, small lymphatic collections in the GI tract, respiratory, and urinary tracts
Embyrology- all derived from mesoderm except thymus (meso- and endo-)
FUNCTION- IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE and DEFENSE (distinguiaton between self and non-self)
I. Lymphoid tissue and the [...]
Part A
Duodenum- first part up to the ligament of Treitz;
Juodenum- upper 2/5 beyond duodenum
Ileum- distal 3/5
On the most part they look the same
I. Structure/Function overview
A. S.I. function: absorption of most ingested material - nutrients, electrolytes, and water
B. Diabolically designed to absorb every molecule
C. Understand that there is only a [...]
I. Introduction
§ The liver is involved in many biochemical and functional processes that are vital for homeostasis
§ No temporary mechanical or biochemical backup available
II. Macroscopic Anatomy and Function
§ Liver is the largest gland in the body (1400-1600 g)
§ 2% of body weight in adults, 5% in newborns
§ completely protected the rib cage
§ divided [...]
I. Introduction
Salivary glands
§ involved in secretion of enzymes that aid in digestion
§ moistening of food.
Pancreas
§ secretes numerous enzymes which aid in digestion
§ plays major role in glucose regulation
II. Salivary Glands
§ Classified according to function, location, predominance of serous or mucous acini
§ Major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), sublingual
§ Minor salivary glands: buccal, palatine, labial, [...]
I. Cells form 4 basic tissue type
A. Epithelium
§ Outer covering and inner lining cell layer, parenchyma of glands
§ Layers and gland can secrete
B. Connective tissue
§ Connect other tissue types
§ Support and nourishment
§ Produce and maintain intercellular sustances
C. Muscle
§ Irritability, impulse conduction, and contraction
D. Nerves
§ Irritability, transduces energy into nerve impulse, which is transmitted
II. Characteristics [...]
General
§ Endocrine glands are ductless glands of internal secretion
§ Secretions being released into the surrounding insterstitium where there is copius vascularity
§ Endocrine secretions rapidly enter the bloodstream for delivery to distant organs
§ Action requires the presence of receptors at the target sites
§ Parenchyma of endocrine organs may be composed of individual cells [...]
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I. Classification of Connective Tissue (CT)
A. Embryonic CT
§ Mesenchyme
§ Mucous
B. Adult CT
§ Connective Tissue Proper
Loose/areolar
Dense irregular
Dense regular
§ Specialized Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
II. Composition of CT
A. Cells embedded in extracellular matrix
§ Extracellular maxtrix includes fibers, ground substance, and tissue fluid
§ Variations in components responsible for different types of connective tissue
B. Supportive and protective functions
C. [...]
I. General Characteristics
§ Well defined structural organization
§ Consists of abundant intercullar material, matrix, produced by cells entrapped there
§ Surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called perichondrium
§ Support, growth of bones, articulation of bones
II. Basic structure
§ Chondroblasts- immature cartilage cell located on periphery (perichondrium) of cartilage
§ Chondrocyte- mature cartilage cell
§ Lacuna- space in cartilage occupied by [...]
I. Blood Vascular (Cardiovascular System)
A. General structure
1. Tunica intima [endocardium in the heart]
§ Innermost , next to lumen
§ Endothelium- simple sqamous lining, flattened nucleus, cells joined by zonula occludens junction
§ Basal lamina of endothelium
§ Subendothelial layer- longitudinal layers of collagen and elastic fibers
§ Separating intima from media is internal elastic lamina
2. Tunica media [myocardium in [...]
I. General characteristics
§ Like cartilage:
consists of cells living in lacunae, surrounded by matrix they produce (matrix is infiltrated with inorganic salts, making it rigid and inflexible)
outer fibrous CT- periosteum
§ Unlike cartilage:
highly vascular
complex architecture overall
constantly remodeled and reshaped in response to stress and mineral needs
§ Functions
Support, attachment, leverage, mineral storage, protection of hematopoietic tissues [...]
I. Introduction
§ Fat cells or adipocytes found in aggregate of varying sizes constitute adipose tissue
§ Accounts of 20-25% of weight in women and 15-20% of weight in men
§ Mesenchymal cell –> lipoblast –> multilocular or unilocular adipocytes
II. White adipose tissue
§ Unilocular fat
§ Most common
§ Single large lipid inclusion
§ May occur singly or in groups [...]
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