I. Introduction A. Upper conducting portion § Extrapulmonary nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, tracheas, bronchi, and intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles § Function: provide conduit for air to travel to and from lungs § Function: to condition inspired air § Cartilage (hyaline) and collagen fibers, smooth muscle provide rigid structural support, flexibility, extgensiliblity to ensure an [...]
Peripheral Blood I. Composition § Blood is fluid connective tissue § 7% of body weight (5 liters) Plasma § liquied which peripheral blood cells are suspened § composed of water, electrolytes, plasma proteins, hormones, fats, amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipoproteins Formed Elements (blood cells) § erythrocytes (RBC)- 40-45% of total blood volume § leukocytes (WBC [...]
I. General Definitions A. CNS vs PNS § CNS- brain and spinal chord § PNS- outlying nervous tissue B. Gray vs White Matter (CNS) § Brain- gray outside, white inside § Spinal chord- gray inside, white outside § White matter- axons, vessesl, glia, no neurons § Gray matter- neurons, glia, neuronal processes, vessesl C. Location [...]
I. Three human muscle types A. Skeletal § Striated, usually voluntary contraction (diaphragm involuntary) § Larger fiber, peripheral nuclei B. Cardiac § Striated, involuntary § Smaller fiber, central nuclei C. Smooth § Non-striated, involuntary § Central nuclei II. Skeletal muscle A. Macrostructure § Muscle fiber- each fiber is an elongate, multi-nucleate cell from fusion of [...]
§ Largest organ in human body § 15-20% total body weight I. Functions A. Sensation- receptor for pain, pressue, touch,temp B. Conversion- precursor molec into Vit D C. Regulation- of heat D. Aborption- of certain lipid soluble therapeutic substances E. Protection- against injury and prevention of water loss F. Excretion- of waste products via sweat [...]
Part A Lymphoid tissue- major component is lymphosytes - includes thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen Lymphoid nodules- tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches, small lymphatic collections in the GI tract, respiratory, and urinary tracts Embyrology- all derived from mesoderm except thymus (meso- and endo-) FUNCTION- IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE and DEFENSE (distinguiaton between self and non-self) I. [...]
Part A Duodenum- first part up to the ligament of Treitz; Juodenum- upper 2/5 beyond duodenum Ileum- distal 3/5 On the most part they look the same I. Structure/Function overview A. S.I. function: absorption of most ingested material – nutrients, electrolytes, and water B. Diabolically designed to absorb every molecule C. Understand that there is [...]
I. Introduction § The liver is involved in many biochemical and functional processes that are vital for homeostasis § No temporary mechanical or biochemical backup available II. Macroscopic Anatomy and Function § Liver is the largest gland in the body (1400-1600 g) § 2% of body weight in adults, 5% in newborns § completely protected [...]
I. Introduction Salivary glands § involved in secretion of enzymes that aid in digestion § moistening of food. Pancreas § secretes numerous enzymes which aid in digestion § plays major role in glucose regulation II. Salivary Glands § Classified according to function, location, predominance of serous or mucous acini § Major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular [...]
I. Cells form 4 basic tissue type A. Epithelium § Outer covering and inner lining cell layer, parenchyma of glands § Layers and gland can secrete B. Connective tissue § Connect other tissue types § Support and nourishment § Produce and maintain intercellular sustances C. Muscle § Irritability, impulse conduction, and contraction D. Nerves § [...]
General § Endocrine glands are ductless glands of internal secretion § Secretions being released into the surrounding insterstitium where there is copius vascularity § Endocrine secretions rapidly enter the bloodstream for delivery to distant organs § Action requires the presence of receptors at the target sites § Parenchyma of endocrine organs may be composed of [...]
http://medicalmastery.com/ I. Classification of Connective Tissue (CT) A. Embryonic CT § Mesenchyme § Mucous B. Adult CT § Connective Tissue Proper Loose/areolar Dense irregular Dense regular § Specialized Connective Tissue Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone Blood II. Composition of CT A. Cells embedded in extracellular matrix § Extracellular maxtrix includes fibers, ground substance, and tissue fluid [...]
I. General Characteristics § Well defined structural organization § Consists of abundant intercullar material, matrix, produced by cells entrapped there § Surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called perichondrium § Support, growth of bones, articulation of bones II. Basic structure § Chondroblasts- immature cartilage cell located on periphery (perichondrium) of cartilage § Chondrocyte- mature cartilage cell [...]
I. Blood Vascular (Cardiovascular System) A. General structure 1. Tunica intima [endocardium in the heart] § Innermost , next to lumen § Endothelium- simple sqamous lining, flattened nucleus, cells joined by zonula occludens junction § Basal lamina of endothelium § Subendothelial layer- longitudinal layers of collagen and elastic fibers § Separating intima from media is [...]
I. General characteristics § Like cartilage: consists of cells living in lacunae, surrounded by matrix they produce (matrix is infiltrated with inorganic salts, making it rigid and inflexible) outer fibrous CT- periosteum § Unlike cartilage: highly vascular complex architecture overall constantly remodeled and reshaped in response to stress and mineral needs § Functions Support, attachment, [...]
I. Introduction § Fat cells or adipocytes found in aggregate of varying sizes constitute adipose tissue § Accounts of 20-25% of weight in women and 15-20% of weight in men § Mesenchymal cell –> lipoblast –> multilocular or unilocular adipocytes II. White adipose tissue § Unilocular fat § Most common § Single large lipid inclusion [...]
