part of Helmiths
Hermaphroditic- have both male and female reproductive characteristics
Blood flukes, bisexual- male and female in separate individuals

SNAILS!!
Shistosoma mansoni
Ø  ID- has the little hook or pointer on just one side
Ø  causes Shistomiasis
Schistosoma japonicum
Ø  ID- small round
Schistosoma haematobium
Ø  ID- football shaped with a point at one end

TRANSMISSION: Cercaria in H2O or through penetration [...]

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subgroup of Helmiths (parasitic worms)

Morphology

Scolex- head part
Acetabulum are “suckers” on the scolex of some tapeworms
Neck
Proglottid
Each segment has male anf female reproductive components

Intestinal tapeworm infections

Taenia saginata- beef tapeworm
Ø  TRANSMISSION: larva in infected beef
Ø  causes mechanical blockage
Taenia solium- pork tapeworm
Ø  TRANSMISSION: larva in infected pork
Ø  causes mechanical blockage

Diphyllobothrium latum- fish [...]

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Trophozoites cause pathology
Cysts are transmissible

Intestinal
Ø  Amebae

Entamoeba histolytica- causes amebic dysentary; can invade tissue; intestinal lumen habitat; can cause ectopic lesions; If in lumen, diiodoydroxyquinoline; if invasive, Flagyl (Metronidazole)
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba nana
Iodamoeba butchlii
Dientamoeba fragilis

Ø  Ciliates

Balantidium coli- balantidiasis; can invade tissue; intestinal lumen habitat; tetracycline and Diiodohydroxyquinoline

Ø  Flagellates

Giardia [...]

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subgroup of Helmiths (parasitic worms)
some may have both intestinal and extra-intestinal stages.
classified as to most pronounced feature of life cycle and it’s position
eosinophilia is hallmark of infections involving extra-intestinal stages

Intestinal (most pronounced here)
Pinworm- Enterobius vermicularis
Ø  DIAGNOSIS: scotch tape preparation
Ø  Infective stage: Egg
Whipworm- Trichuris trichiura; burrow into epithelial cells of colon
Ø  [...]

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I.                 Changing evolution of bacterial infection- In the past, infections tended to be in HEALTHY, UNHOSPITALIZED people.   Now,   they tend to be in debilitated, hospitalized people. G (-) sepsis is the leading cause of death in I. C. Units in the U.S.   Associated changes that may have caused this:

Antibiotic therapy
Catheters and [...]

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I.                 Introduction- Diarrhea & constipation are two of the most common complaints in medicine.  Both are caused by intestinal malfunction.
A.     Diarrhea is a combo of two things:
1.     passage of greater than normal number of stools (>200 g/day)
2.     stools of decreased form as compared with normal
B.     Constipation- difficult or painful passage of hard, dry [...]

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Antibiotic type
Antibiotic class
Mechanism
Cidal?
Example
Resistance

cell wall synthesis
Beta lactam
inhibits transpeptidases & carboxy peptidases by binding PBPs
Cidal
penicillin, cephalosporin,
enzymatically inactivated by Beta-lactamases

carbapenems, monobactams, cephamycin
Pseudomonas & Acinetobacter have CW that are intrinsically resistant

Glycopeptides, antimicrobials
blocks transfer of NAG-NAMA subunits [...]

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Organism
A Little Information
Antibiotic

Gram Positives

Staphylococcus Aureus
F.P., bacteremia, endocarditis, arthritis, osteomyelitis; coag and cat +
Anti-staph penicillin (nafcillin), Vancomycin

Staph. Epidermidis
Line related; catheters; coagulase -, cat +
Vancomycin

Staph. Saprophyticus
UTI; coagulase -, cat +
Norfloxacin

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)
pharyngitis; TOXIC S.S.;Rheu; M. Protein; Bac. Susceptible, Beta-hemo
Penicillin

Strept. Agalactiae (Group B)
Babies; [...]

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