Vitamin Functions in Humans and Disease

 

  Aliases Solubility Working Form Functions Deficiency Toxicity
Vit A Carotene, Retinol Fat cis-retinol, trans-retinol, retinoic acid, carotene Vision, transcription regulation, antioxidant Vision problems, oxidative damage Yes (retinol); No (carotene)
Vit B1 Thiamine Water TPP Keto group metabolism Beri-Beri No
Vit B2 Riboflavin Water FMN, FAD Electron transfer Rare No
Vit B3 Niacin, Nicotinate Water NAD+, NADP+ Electron transfer Pellagra No
Vit B6 Pyridoxamine Water Pyridoxial Phosphate Transaminase Rare (isoniazid) No
Vit B12 Cobalamine Water Methyl Cobalamin Met synth [C1 transfer]; methlmalonyl CoA mutase Pernicous Anemia No
Vit C Ascorbic acid Water Same Antioxidant, hydroxylation of pro & lys Scurvy No
Vit D3 Calciferol Fat Calcitrol (gets hydroxylated 2X – 1st in liver, 2nd in kidney) Ca2+ uptake/depletion Rickets Yes (Ca2+ deposits)
Vit E Tocopherol Fat Same Antioxidant Oxidative damage Slight
Vit K Menadione, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Fat Same Gamma-carboxylation on glu residues (clotting) Bleeding problems Yes
Folate N/A Water FH4 (THF) C1 transfers Megaloblastic Anemia No
Biotin N/A Water same (attached to protein Carboxylation reactions Rare No
Pantothenate N/A Water CoA Acyl carrier Not seen No

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